Nyu Essay Essays (516 words) - Capitalism, Stock Market, Bank

Nyu Essay ?Experience is what you receive when you don't get what you want. I remembered my father's words as I tried to postpone the coming massacre. Like during the fall of the Roman Empire, my allies became enemies and my foes turned into partners. In fast and furious action with property changing hands again and again, I rested my fate on the words of one man, hoping he would rescue me from this dangerous tailspin. Don't these experts realize the heartbreak they're inflicting on my young life? While the uncertainty of tomorrow's attire is the most pressing concern for many seventeen-year-olds, I must worry about much greater issues! It's August 31,the market is down over 300 points and the value of my stock portfolio is falling fast. Usually, whenever I mention the words stockbroker or investment other students snicker that I'm actually interested in ?that stock market stuff. My interest in investing began when as a na?ve freshmen I learned that my assistant JV basketball coach Tom Wingfield worked with Dean Witter as a stockbroker. Over the course of the season, I expressed interest in his job, and we became inseparable. Tom became my mentor, and I absorbed every word he spoke. Almost immediately, I became infatuated with the market and wanted to invest every penny I have. To the delight of my fifteen-year old brother, before school I even found myself opening the newspaper directly to the business section, giving my brother first rights to the sports page for the first time in his life. Hoping to soon enter the market, I worked at a nearby retirement home for several months and earned a little money. To help me buy more stock, my father agreed to match any amount of money I invested. I told Tom about the plan, and he thought it was fantastic. The next day, I had a stock portfolio and dreams of retiring by age 30. Three years have elapsed since that fateful November morning, and every two weeks I religiously place part of my retirement home paycheck into the market. Every small-time investor probably dreams of making a million dollars; I was no different. I pictured my meager investments taking off and my becoming a professional trader. August 31 quickly jolted me back to reality, and I was reminded of that infamous expression my father told me. No one really plays the market for experience; that's just what people say after losing money. Nevertheless, even though I'm not a multimillionaire, the experience and knowledge that I gained investing in stocks and following the financial markets is priceless and helped me define my career ambitions. Living in Charlotte has exposed me to the single largest banking merger in history, which made the city one of the world's major banking centers. The combination of my personal financial involvement, late night conversations with my dad, and observing first hand the sheer magnitude of the banking industry inspires me to turn my current hobby into something much greater! I've decided to become an investment banker. Acceptance Essays

International Economic Conditions in Ukraine

International Economic Conditions in Ukraine Introduction Ukraine is the largest country in Europe in terms of land mass. The country borders Belarus on the northwestern side, Russia from its eastern and northeastern side, and Black Sea from its southwestern side. Ukraine also borders Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia. It continues to enjoy the second largest military body among all European nations.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on International Economic Conditions in Ukraine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The country has a population of about 45.4 million people. Most of the Ukrainian Christians are members of the Eastern Orthodoxy. Ukraine has a market economy that formed immediately after the planned economy of the former Soviet Union. However, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the economy of Ukraine began experiencing a major slump. Ukraine’s population also gradually became poor. In the efforts to curb this situation, the government success fully liberalized trade in 1991. The government also subsidized most of the public industries and the agricultural sector in the country. However, high rates of inflation grew speedily in 1990s to a hyperinflation. For example, Ukraine had the highest rate of inflation in the world within a period of one year. In 2008, the economy suffered the great economic crisis effects. As the paper reveals, the country is currently facing various international economic conditions. Ukraine and the International Trade Many countries have expanded their businesses to the global levels as a way of boosting their productivity. Ukraine is not an exception. As Dabrowski and Taran confirm, the country has been a major player, especially in the European Union (2). The major international trade partner to Ukraine is Russia. Other trade partners include Turkey, Italy, Germany, China, Poland, USA, France, and Turkmenistan among others. Ukraine is both an exporter and an importer of various goods to and fro m other countries.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The major exports from Ukraine include iron and steel, mineral fuels, oil, gasoline, nuclear reactors, machinery, cereals, tools, and base metals. Ukraine also imports goods from various nations in the world. Such commodities include mineral fuels and crude petroleum, nuclear reactors, vehicles, electronics, paper and paperboard, and articles of pulp (Hoekman, Jensen, and Tarr 796). For several years before the onset of economic and political crisis, the economy of Ukraine was rated one of the best in Europe. The country has relied on imports to sustain its economy. Several factors come into play to necessitate the country’s imports. To begin with, Ukraine’s internal energy sources can only cater for 15% of its yearly energy needs (Dabrowski and Taran 6). This finding implies that Ukraine has to import energy sources, including oil, nuclear reactors, and electricity. Secondly, the forest cover in Ukraine is small and inadequate for its timber and wood product needs. Hence, for it to sustain its pulp, timber, and paper-dependent industries, it has to import wood products. Thirdly, Ukraine does not have the absolute advantage of manufacturing cars as the situation is witnessed in Germany and Japan. Therefore, it is economical for it to import cars from various nations of the world. Deploying the Heckscher-Ohlin model, a nation that is abundant in the production of a particular factor has the advantage of exporting the item it produces extensively. The model also affirms that a country will export goods that it produces intensively through resources that it is endowed with. This theory explains the iron, steel, grains, and grain products that Ukraine exports. Hoekman, Jensen, and Tarr assert that Ukraine has abundant fertile farmland that it uses for the production of grains f or local markets and export (796). On the other hand, the demand for energy and energy products outdo the country’s local production.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on International Economic Conditions in Ukraine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bilateral trade between Ukraine and Russia can be seen from the specific factor model. Although, Russia has played a major role in positioning and projecting the economy of Ukraine, Russia’s gains are incomparable to the losses that Ukraine encounters (Dabrowski and Taran 4). According to the specific factor model, the international trade has the ability to change income distribution in countries. The result is the witnessed unleveled gains and losses by some people. For instance, the Russian economy is currently slumping due to the political crisis and demonstrations in Ukraine concerning Russian annexation of the Ukrainian land. Trade agreements that were signed by the two countries in the view of streamlining the economy of Ukraine have not taken off. Ukraine import cars and electronics from Russia since it has an absolute advantage over such products (Hoekman, Jensen, and Tarr 796). Export of grains, iron, and steel to Russia does not compensate the gap. In fact, the population of Ukraine demonstrates regularly to press the government to cut its ties with Russia over the annexed land and political interference. Economic Conditions that affect Ukrainian International Trade Government Policies on International Trade The Ukrainian government has enacted protectionist policies to gain its international trade. For instance, the Ukrainian government has put tariffs on automobile imports (Hoekman, Jensen, and Tarr 798). Although this move vehemently affects international trade with various countries such as Germany, Japan, and Russia, Ukraine has gained some milestones from it with reference to the Heckscher-Ohlin Model. For instance, the se laws have benefitted the local business, but not the international business.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Automobile tariffs make it prohibitive for Ukrainian importers and exporters to bring automobiles for sale. Such countries may opt to export their automobiles to other parts of the world consistent with the specific factor model of international trade where trade between one nation and the other may affect the partners in a way that one partner gains while the other loses. In this case, Ukraine has gained by imposing high trade tariffs on automobile imports. As a result, its automobile manufacturing industry has grown to the extent that the country can now export its household automobiles. In addition, owners and employees of Ukrainian automobile industries have benefitted from the protection policies that the government has imposed on automobile imports (Hoekman, Jensen, and Tarr 798). The growth of the automobile industry implies more employment opportunities and technological advancement in the country. Moreover, the other consequence of automobile import tariff is that prices of Ukrainian automobiles such as cars have gone up very much. Cars are very expensive in Ukraine. Competition for car manufacturing is just within where few international motor dealers can penetrate the automobile markets in Ukraine. Therefore, exporting automobiles such as cars, airplanes, motorbikes, and other vehicles to Ukraine is a venture that the country’s international trade partners reject. With the imposition of steel tariffs by the World Trade Organization (WTO), prices went up for steel and steel products in the US where Ukraine imports its items. Since steel is used in the manufacturing industry, its rise in price is likely to affect exports from the manufacturing industry (Kostenko 56). Therefore, international trade policies are likely to affect the global business relationship between Ukraine and its partners. The implication is that the protectionist policies benefit the country that imposes them, as opposed to the situation with the specific model theory. Non- membership of Ukraine in the World Trade Organization According to Kyzym et al., although there has been an outcry in Ukraine for the country to join the WTO, it has not yet become a member (7). Lack of membership to the WTO makes the trade relationship between them strained. Ukraine is likely to face limitations when trading with the WTO members. Most of the trading partners of Ukraine are members of WTO, apart from Russia. However, its major trade partner (Russia) is on the verge of registering its membership in WTO (Kostenko 54). Therefore, Ukraine is likely to face protectionist rules in its trade with members of the WTO as a nonmember. Ukraine is not protected from the abuse of patent or trade disputes in the international markets. Therefore, whenever there is a trade dispute concerning quotas, protectionism, and duties between Ukraine and its partners, the situation remains at the partners’ mercies. Most of the trading partners such as China are also cautious of lack of surety that Ukraine puts on the table in trade relations. Membership in the WTO provides some confidence to traders in the international market (Kyzym et al. 8). The WTO rules bind all members. Hence, as a non-member, Ukraine cannot be bound by the rules and regulations of WTO whenever it contravenes them. Lack of membership to the WTO has negatively affected Ukraine’s imports and export processes. For example, there were embargoes on Ukraine grains in 2006 and 2007. This case contradicted the WTO regulations on exports. However, since Ukraine was a non-member, nothing could have been done. Trade Embargoes The impact of the 2006-2007 trade embargoes on Ukraine grains still affects its international trade (Kyzym et al. 22). According to the WTO, trade embargoes can only be applied when an exporter is suffering from a serious shortage of the commodity. However, no serious shortage of grains was witnessed in Ukraine during the period when it embargoed its grains. As a result, m ost of the exporters of grains from Ukraine suffered great losses and cancelation of international contracts. In addition, a general imbalance of grain products was witnessed in the international market. Traders also suffered losses from the depreciation of grain prices locally. Moreover, the country’s farmers also suffered a lack of the market share since it was oversupplied to the tune of $200million (Dabrowski and Taran 3). Today, grain exporters fear buying grains for exports from Ukraine, unless the prices are discounted to cater for the appreciation in the international market. The government must also provide a room for the high risk that grain traders pose to Ukraine. Export Taxes and Prohibitive Energy Cost Export taxes on some commodities such as scrap metal, skins, sheep and goats, and sunflower in Ukraine are prohibitive (Kyzym et al. 8). These taxes negatively affect Ukraine’s poor citizens who rear sheep and goats, grow sunflower, and/or buy scrap metals. On the other hand, rich citizens who are involved in this trade gain highly. This observation reflects the specific factor theory where the international trade affects the participants differently. Hence, the affluent class grows wealthier while the underprivileged one continues to be deprived while still trading. For instance, sunflower farmers in Ukraine are forced to pay a 16% tax on their sunflower overseas sales as export tax (Kyzym et al. 23). As an implication, the farmers opt to smuggle their sunflower to other parts of the world, thus resulting in uncontrolled domestic prices. In line with Heckscher-Ohlin model, export taxes benefit the rich people and not the poor ones. They also prohibit the commitment of the international investors. The energy sector in Ukraine is prohibitive for foreign investors (Dabrowski and Taran p.3). Laws and policies on energy in Ukraine are also limiting for foreigners to operate. For instance, foreign companies that are interested in oil explo ration in Ukraine are required to bid and complete their tasks within a period of not more than five years. Such policies prohibit the entry of international explorers of the Ukraine market. Another crippling factor in the energy sector is that the government does not offer any information concerning energy resources (Hoekman, Jensen, and Tarr 812). The contract winner is supposed to collect data and explore the resource within the limited period. This situation has affected the gas industry. Hence, Ukraine continues to import gas. Energy regulations in Ukraine also make it difficult for foreign investors to run their industries. Prohibitive Laws and Regulations on Investment Laws that guide the business environment in Ukraine make it difficult for foreign direct investment to succeed. Foreign investors face difficult processes in terms of registering businesses and running them in Ukraine (Kyzym et al. 7). For instance, the law requires businesses that are owned by foreigners to be regularly inspected and satisfied for health and human resource safety. This rule has become an avenue for corruption through bribery where investors bribe government inspectors to avoid prosecution and withdrawal of permits. Laws on business regulations in Ukraine do not come from a specific arm of the government (Kostenko 54). For example, the president, ministers, and individuals who are in charge of the department can enact them. This flexibility makes it difficult for foreign investors to carry out their business operations smoothly. Dabrowski and Taran say that obtaining the right of ownership in joint companies is difficult in Ukraine (4). A deficiency in laws that regulate shareholding in joint stock companies opens up the economic environment to corruption. This gap has negatively affected the stock markets in Ukraine. As a result, major firms in Ukraine have turned into investing in foreign markets, for instance, in the United Kingdom and China. Foreign and international companies avoid investing in Ukraine since no clear laws on joint stock companies have been established (Dabrowski and Taran 4). This situation contradicts the specific model theory since both the national economy and the international investors do not benefit from poor joint stock laws in Ukraine. Conclusion Ukraine is one of the major economic hubs in Europe. Since its independence in 1991, the country has experienced both vicissitudes in its international economic endeavors. As discussed above, various conditions influence Ukraine’s international economic environment. Such conditions include government policies on international trade, protectionist policies, non-membership of Ukraine in the World Trade Organization, and trade embargoes. Besides, export taxes, prohibitive energy cost, prohibitive laws and regulations on investment, laws on business environment, inconsistency in commercial laws, and deficient laws on joint stock companies are part of the conditions that infl uence Ukraine’s global business operations. Dabrowski, Marek, and Svitlana Taran. â€Å"Is Free Trade with the EU Good for Ukraine?† CASE Network E-briefs 1.6(2012): 1-4. Print. Hoekman, Bernard, Jesper Jensen, and David Tarr. â€Å"A Vision for Ukraine in the World Economy.† Journal of World Trade 48.4(2014): 795-814. Print. Kostenko, Nataliya. â€Å"Geo-Economic Strategy of the European Union: Experience for Ukraine.† Economics Business 25.1(2014): 54-60. Print. Kyzym, Onesmus, Vera Yaroshenko, Yasmin Matyushenko, Bahma Semyhulina, and Malik Makhansova. â€Å"Opportunities and Threats of Ukraine WTO Membership to the Production and Foreign Trade of Grain Crops with the EU and Customs Union and EurAsEC.† Problems of Economy 1.2(2014), 7-24. Print.

Compare and contrast the key appeal factors of the world's top four Essay

Compare and contrast the key appeal factors of the world's top four receiving countries(arrivals 2005)namely France,Spain,USA,China - Essay Example In other words, to every country there holds its own specialty. People visit different countries for not only trade but to spend their vacations, to take out time to explore the world and its beauty. These migrations benefit the countries in a manner to hold up the foreign exchange along with the enhancement of business of their countries. Most of the countries show up their basic historical culture and tradition to keep it alive among the new generation and spreading it all over the world. It is being noticed that technology introduces a new change in every field of daily use. A person traveling of one's pleasure is known to be a tourist and the process or migrations tourist make till one returns back to the homeland is known to be tourism. Tourist is said to be a name to visitor who travels the t other country to visit it for the cause of business or his pleasure. According to Mathieson and Wall (1982), tourism is "the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations and the facilities created to cater their needs."8 In simple words, Wall and Mathieson wants to say that visiting a place other than usual places like office, schools, relative homes; a place where person moves to accomplish his personal or business desires. Desires may be to attain mental relaxation from the fast track life or desires may to achieve more trading clients to enhance own assets. Studying more about tourist and tourism, Macintosh and Goeldner (1986) defines tourism i n words like, "the sum of phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, business suppliers, host governments and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors."8 This is simple and easy defining the same philosophy of tourism in mould of different words. KEY APPEAL FACTORS Traveling from one place to another was a big major time consuming issue. Its developments were simultaneously acting by the passage of time. On foot traveling was done before 1500A.D when stagecoach was invented. This is a carriage pulled by the horse. It in minority but yet being seen now a day and now it's the cheaper transportation to move from one place to another. Then in England in 1825, passenger-carrying railroads, i.e., trains are developed moving the research on the development of boats and ships which was first sailed in ocean in 1840. This transportation was usually used to move on the land across seven seas through oceans. Automobiles and now the most famous transportation is air travel. Traveling may be done for one or more of the following dimensions: Natural Resources Culture Ethnicity Entertainment Extreme Tourism, which includes adventurous activities. Traveling is just not the reason but a name to live a healthy stay at guest place and enjoy that happy tensionless mood which requires following facilities: Lodging Food & Beverages Support Services Infrastructure, services like communication, water for general use, electricity etc. These all facilities require for the following the visitor or tourist to be filled

Psychological influences learning Problem Essay

Psychological influences learning Problem - Essay Example 3.1 Impress upon the participants the fact that a non-smoker or someone who has successfully quit is enviable from perspective of being stably in better physical condition as well as possessing a stronger will power and being free from the dependence over nicotine. 3.2 A rounding up of the motivational segment of the program with a reference to the costliness of the habit highlighting the amount of money that a non-smoker saves over a smoker simply by not being one. 4.2 No restrictions on the number of smokes but participants have to wrap up their cigarette packs with a white sheet of paper on which they shall write down the time of the smoke and degree of enjoyment they have of it, each time they light up. It is imperative that the pack is wrapped up after the smoke and the participants carry pencils with them to ensure they don’t fail this. 5.1 From hereon the participants shall be restricted from smoking at least within 15 minutes following consumption of any food or drink barring water. Everyday they will be made to read out the posters and each session will begin and end with the participants swearing they will quit on the set date. 5.2 Participants will be asked to read out from their respective wrappers. They will be made to note how the degree of enjoyment varies from very high to very low for different smokes during the day implying some of these can be readily stopped. 6.2 The participants will be asked to refute the urge for 10 minutes and during this time they shall be told to take a look at the jar of stubs and smell its scent. The jar is to be looked upon as one containing very harmful worms. 9.1 Participants are told to have one last final smoke at their chosen time of the day and to commit to themselves to it being the last smoke of their lives. Point out quitting will not be a problem but prepare participants for the withdrawal stage 9.2 participants are to start saving each dollar that was to be spent

SYSTEMS SAFETY MANAGEMENT 440 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

SYSTEMS SAFETY MANAGEMENT 440 - Research Paper Example The identified components of a robust safety management system plan for the aviation industry include safety policy, safety risk management, safety assurance and safety promotion. The above safety management system components have the potential of providing the necessary frameworks and guidelines for managers in the aviation industry to execute and implement effective system safety program plan in the organization. The central role and aim of aviation organizations is to deliver services, achieve production output and generate return on investments so as enhance their growth and sustenance of operations (Castro, 2005). Airports, airlines, air traffic organizations and aviation service providers are key components of the aviation industry. Safety in the aviation industry is an important aspect and this has been further reaffirmed by the increasing public expectations regarding aviation safety. A safety management system refers to a systematic approach that is geared towards managing safety and it entails the necessary organizational structure, accountabilities, policies and procedures (Castro, 2005). The aviation industry extensively relies on safety management system in order to achieve overall safety at both the organizational level and individual level. The role of safety management system in the aviation industry is to prevent human injury or loss of life and to avoid damage to the environm ent and to property (Yilmaz, 2008). Despite the overarching need for safety in the aviation industry, safety management system has not been fully implemented and fostered across the industry. This paper examines the role of safety management system in the aviation industry and strategies and approaches that can be used to implement and execute a safety management system in the aviation industry. System safety refers to the application of engineering and management principles, criteria, and techniques with a view of optimizing safety within the constraints of

Analysis Of The Oligopoly Form Of Market Economics Essay

Analysis Of The Oligopoly Form Of Market Economics Essay An oligopoly is a form of a market, in which any particular industry is dominated by few sellers which are also known as oligopolists. Originally this word is derived from Greek, which means few to sell. Now since there is small number of smaller involved in a particular industry, this makes them very much conscious of the other players of the same industry. Rather, to be more precise any decision of Firm one influence and are influenced by, the decision of other firms. Lot of business scrutiny techniques are used in strategic planning such as SWOT, PEST, STEER and EPISTEL analysis needs to take into report the likely responses of the other players. Description Oligopoly is a common form of market. Often the four-firm is used to describe vice nary of oligopoly, in which the most common ratios are CR4 and the CR8, which means the four and the eight largest firms in a particular industry and also measures the share of the four or the eight largest organizations in an industry as a percentage. Now let me use an example to make the above point clear. Here we will take the US cellular phone market. In 2008, the companies like ATT, Sprint, Verizon and T-Mobile together controlled over 90% of the market. Despite of the common market share and oligopolistic competition can give rise to a wide range of results. In a circumstances where a firm may develop a practice which could be a trade preventive, such as collusion, market sharing etc. to raise there product price while restrict the production which is similar to the monopoly, this could be short term as well as long term. Let us see and understand monopoly in equilibrium. The illustration of monopoly is considered to be the same in short run and long run. Now the revenue maximization occurs where MR=MC. And therefore equilibrium is at P and Q. Features of this diagram are that there are barriers to entry in Monopoly. Companies are price maker. Profits are maximized at output where MR=MC. This means they set a price greater than MC which is inefficient. In this diagram the companies makes supernormal profits because AR is greater than AC. In order to get this in effect, a official agreement takes place which is also known as cartel. The best example of cartel is OPEC which has a deep influence on worldwide price of oil. These kinds of participant are Price Setter and not the Price Taker. Through the process of collusion, oligologics can reduce the risks in markets for investment and product development and is an attempt to steady the unbalanced market. In most countries this is legally restricted. In other situations, competition can be fiercer between sellers in an oligopoly, with relatively low prices and high production. This could lead to proficient results. The results can be better when there are more companies in an industry. Characteristics The major characteristics of oligopoly are to maximize the profit by producing, where in the generated marginal revenue equals to the marginal costs. Position to set the price, which we have previously discussed above that oligopolies are price setters rather than price takers. Barriers for new firms to enter are higher. We can split these barriers in two groups, one of which is natural and the other is strategic entry barriers. These barriers are based on economical scale, patents, way in to expensive and difficult technology and above all the tactical actions by present firms designed to put off or tear down emerging firms. Since, there are few companies which results the actions of one firm can weight the actions of the other firms. Predominate factor is high barriers of the entry which prevents emerging companies from entering market, which in result can retain long run atypical profits. The most typical feature of an oligopoly is interdependence. Since oligopolies consists of fe w large firms and, each firm is so large that any of its action can affect the market condition. And due to this reason, the competing firms are well conscious of the market actions and are set ready to respond accordingly and correctly. In order to view a market action, a firm must take into the deliberation the possible reactions of all rival firms and there moves. A game of chess is a best example to simplify the above statements. Wherein both the opponents are very well conscious of each others action and are ready for the counter moves, this is duopoly. But this could explain the oligopoly since the players in the market are few in numbers. Modeling There is no model to explain the process of an oligopolistic market. In some markets there is a solitary firm which wheels a leading share of the market and a group of smaller firms. The dominant firm sets prices which are simply taken by the smaller firms in shaping their profit maximizing level of production. This type of market is known as a monopoly. Cournot-Nash model The Cournot-Nash model is the simplest oligopoly model. In this model there are two likewise positioned firms, the firms competes on the basis of the capacity rather than price and each firm makes and production decision assuming that the other firms actions is fixed. Now the bend of the demand in the market is based on assumptions to be linear and marginal cost are constant. To find the Cournot-Nash equation, one needs to determine how each firm reacts to a change in the output of the other firm which is followed by sequence of proceedings and reactions. This outline continues until a point is reached where neither firm desires to change what it is doing, given how it believes the other firm will react to any change. The balance is the intersection of the two firms reaction functions. The reaction purpose shows how one firm reacts to the mass choice of the other firm. For an example, assuming that the Firm A demand function P = (60 Q2) Q1 where Q2 is the quantity produced by the o ther firm and Q1 is the sum produced by firm A. Assume that the marginal cost is 12 Firm A wants to know its maximizing quantity and price. Firm A begins the process by following maximization rule of equating marginal revenue to marginal costs. Firm As total revenue purpose is PQ = Q1(60 Q2 Q1) = 60Q1- Q1Q2 Q12. The marginal purpose is MR = 60 Q2 2Q. MR = MC 60 Q2 2Q = 12 2Q = 48 Q2 Q1 = 24 0.5Q2 (1.1) Q2 = 24 0.5Q1 (1.2) Equation 1.1 is the reaction function for firm A. Equation 1.2 is the reaction function for firm B. The balance quantities can also be determined graphically, in which the balance explanation would be at the intersection of the two reaction functions. In mechanized economics, barriers to entry have resulted in oligopolies forming in many sectors, with new levels of struggle fueled by rising globalization. These are typically determined by development of a product and advertising. For example, there is only undersized figure of producers of civil passenger aircraft. Oligopolies have also arisen in a lot regulated markets such as wireless communications, in several areas only two or three providers are licensed to operate. In United Kingdom, there are five banks that control the UK banking sector, and were also accused of being an oligopoly by the newcomer Virgin bank. Going to the grocery market, we find four companies who shares 74.4% to 75.01% of the grocery market which are Tesco, Sainsburys, Asda and Morrisons. The detergent market is dominated by only two players and they are Unilever and Procter Gamble. Demand Curve In oligopoly, any company operates under flawed competition. With the vicious price competitiveness created by demand bend, firms use non-price competition in order to boost revenue and market share. Kinked insist curves are similar to usual insist curves. They are different by a hypothesized bowed bend with a discontinuity at the bend-Kink. Hence, the first imitative at that point is not clear and leads to a hop discontinuity in the marginal revenue curve. The inspiration following this kink is the thought that if firms will not elevate their prices because even a small price raise will drop many customer in oligopolistic or monopolistically competitive market. The reason behind this is that, the competitors will generally pay no attention to the increase in prices and will focus on gaining a larger market share. However, even a large price reduction will gain only a few customers because such an action will begin a price war with other players in the market. And for this reason, the curve is therefore more price-elastic for price add to and less so for price decreases. Firms will often enter the industry in the long run.

Surface Tension :: essays research papers fc

Surface Tension   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My problem was to find out how to test or measure surface tension. I think the reason of some of the force in surface tension is cohesion and gravity. Surface Tension is the condition existing at the free surface of a liquid, resembling the properties of an elastic skin under tension. The tension is the result of intermolecular forces exerting an unbalanced inward pull on the individual surface molecules; this is reflected in the considerable curvature at those edges where the liquid is in contact with the wall of a vessel. Because of this property, certain insects can stand on the surface of water. A razor blade can also be supported by the surface tension of water. The razor blade is not floating: if pushed through the surface, it sinks through the water. More specifically, the tension is the force per unit length of any straight line on the liquid surface that the surface layers on the opposite sides of the line exert upon each other. The tendency of any liquid surface is to become as small as possible as a result of this tension, as in the case of mercury, which forms an almost round ball when a small quantity is placed on a horizontal surface. The near-perfect spherical shape of a soap bubble, which is the result of the distribution of tension on the thin film of soap, is another example of this force; surface tension alone can support a needle placed horizontally on a water surface.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surface tension depends mainly upon the forces attraction between the particles within the given liquid and also upon the gas, solid, or liquid in contact with it. The molecules in a drop of water, for example, attract each other weakly. Water molecules well inside the drop may be thought of as being attracted equally in all directions by the surrounding molecules. However if surface molecules could be displaced slightly outward from the surface, they would be attracted back by the near by molecules. The energy responsible for the phenomenon of surface tension may be thought of as approximately equilivant to the work or energy required to remove the surface layer of molecules in a unit area. In comparison, organic liquids, such as benzene and alcohol's, have lower surface tensions, whereas mercury has a higher surface tension . An increase in temperature lowers the net force of attraction among molecules and hence decreases surface tension.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surface tension is also viewed as the result of forces acting in the plane of the surface and tending to minimize its area. On this basis.

The Basic Mechanisms of Homeostasis

The Basic Mechanisms of Homeostasis Overview of homeostasis The term homeostasis was first coined by Walter Cannon in 1929 to literally mean ‘steady state’. It describes the dynamic equilibrium by which internal constancy is maintained within set limits by regulation and control. There are many examples of homeostatic control throughout the human body and in other living organisms, such as pH, pressure, and temperature. A concept important to homeostasis is the process of feedback circuits; involving a receptor, an effector, and a control centre.A receptor is responsible for detecting a change in the body, while the effector corrects this. The control centre organises these two together to elicit the response. The most common form of control in homeostasis is known as negative feedback, in which an excess or deficit in a homeostatic system triggers its own regulation. The diagram below illustrates this concept in reference to the control of temperature (Figure 1). Figure 1 is a simple representation of a rather complicated process.Here, the several types of negative feedback circuits involved in temperature control have been summarised into one. The hypothalamus is a combined receptor and control centre, both recognising extremes of temperature change, and triggering bodily effectors to correct the changes. Figure 1 shows the responses to a decrease in body temperature, which directs organs to increase metabolism, thus causing shivering. Another effect would be causing hair cells on the skin to force up their hairs, creating a trapped layer of air across the body surface.Such effects should then cause the body temperature to rise to the optimal 37Â °C again, causing feedback to switch the circuit ‘off’. If this does not occur, the circuit will continue to direct effectors to warm the body because the feedback will not be switched ‘off’. Recent research, however has added another dimension to the accepted definition of hom eostasis. Scientists studying circadian rhythms (24-hour bodily cycles) have pointed out that the internal environment does not have completely constant ‘normal’ set point. They have found, for example, that he set point for human body temperature varies over a 24 hour cycle, fluctuating between 36Â °C and 37Â °C. As a result of this research, current thinking suggests that while homeostasis controls the ‘minute-by-minute fluctuation in the environment’ , circadian rhythms control the body’s general programming over time. In this essay, we will concentrate on two examples of homeostasis, one that occurs in humans and one which occurs in plants. Firstly, we will discuss the control of blood glucose levels in mammals, and then will look at the role of plant stomata in regulating water loss.Example 1: Control of blood glucose levels The human body has a number of mechanisms in place to regulate the storage and release of molecules for energy. Sometime s, an individual will consume more calories than can be immediately used, so sugars will be stored in the form of glycogen (a polymer of glucose) in liver and muscle cells. Other periods of increased activity may however, require the sudden release of energy, whereby glycogen is initially oxidised from the stores in the liver. Clearly, this is another example of homeostasis and it is outlined in Figure 2.Two enzymatic hormones are utilised by the body to control the interchange of glucose as an energy molecule and glycogen as a storage molecule. The first, insulin, lowers blood glucose levels by promoting its conversion to glycogen. The second, glucagon, increases glucose levels by allowing glycogen to be phosphorylated. Both of these hormones are produced and released by specialised cells in the pancreas known as Islets of Langerhans. Insulin is released from ? -cells, and glucagon is released from ? -cells. Figure 2: Blood glucose control by insulin and glucagonIf the blood glucos e level is too high, more insulin and less glucagon is released. This causes cells to take in glucose from the blood, while the liver converts glucose to glycogen. During low levels of blood glucose however, glucagon release increases, activating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver, and glucose is released into the blood. This is a good example of negative feedback control, as the lowering of blood glucose, for example, inhibits further insulin secretion. Importantly, insulin is dependent upon calcium.This is because glucose activates calcium channels. When glucose levels are high, the subsequent release of calcium results in calcium binding to calmodulin. Together, the two molecules promote insulin vesicles to be released from the pancreas. This demonstrates the negative feedback system discussed in the overview. Example 3: Control of water loss by plants Plants need to balance their need to conserve water with their need to photosynthesise energy. Transpiration cause s water to be pulled up through the plant passively as water diffuses out through the leaves.These pores are opened and closed by the action of surrounding guard cells, located as illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3: Drawing of stoma & guard cells These guard cells can take on two extremes of conformation; either flaccid, to close the stoma, or turgid, to open the stoma. When guard cells take in water via osmosis, they swell, become turgid, and are forced to bulge outwards into a kidney shape, opening the stoma. They adhere to this shape both because the two cells are attached to each other at either end, and because cellulose microfibrils constrain them.However, if the guard cells lose their water content, they shrink and become flaccid, closing the stoma so that water cannot leave. The opening and closing of the stomata have been shown to be affected by light concentrations. When illuminated, the concentration of solutes in the guard cell vacuoles increases because starch is convert ed to malic acid, and a proton pump in the plasma membrane is stimulated. The proton pump removes hydrogen ions (H+) from the guard cells, and in response, potassium ions (K+) flow into the cell.Chloride ions (Cl-) also flow into the cell via another pump in response to the H+ concentration difference. The accumulation of these ions and malate in the vacuole of the guards cells is enough to cause the water potential to drop within the guard cells. Water then flows in by osmosis, leading to the turgidity just described and opening the pore. As this opening process occurs in light, exactly the opposite happens at night. As light is lost, channels open to conduct Cl- and K+ out of the guard cells, water is lost, and the cells become flaccid and close.Another stimulus for the closing of stomata is an emergency response to the plant wilting from lack of water. In this case, CO2 concentration increases inside the leaf cells, and alongside the wilting, causes the plant to release the hormo ne abscisic acid (ABA). This diffuses into guard cells and activates the loss of Cl- and K+, effectively mimicking the night time action of the stomata. Concluding Remarks The idea of homeostasis has been well-developed since it was first identified in the mid-1900s.We have seen in this essay that feedback loops play an important part in homeostatic processes, and that the process is controlled by the action of detector and effector hormones and other molecules activated by control centres. Ongoing research also indicates that innate circadian rhythms affect the processes of homeostasis, causing the optimal set point for internal conditions to vary on a daily basis. Bibliography Alberts, B. , Bray, D. , Lewis, J. , Raff, M. , Roberts, K. , Watson, J. D. (1994). Molecular Biology of the Cell: Third Edition.Garland Publishing, U. S. A. Campbell, N. A. , Reece, J. B. & Mitchell, L. G. (1999). Biology: Fifth Edition. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. U. S. A. Foster, R. & Kreitzman, L. (2004 ). Rhythms of Life: The biological clocks that control the daily lives of every living thing. Profile Books, London. Givens, P. , Reiss, M. , Rowland, M. (1996). Human Biology and Health Studies. Nelson, Surrey. Jurd, R. D. (1997). Instant Notes in Animal Biology. BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford. Rost, T. L. , Barbour, M. G. , Stocking, C. R. , Murphy, T.M (1998). Plant Biology. Wadsworth Publishing Company, USA. Van De Graaff, K. M. & Fox, S. I. (1999). Concepts of Human Anatomy & Physiology. McGraw Hill, USA. Webpage: Physiological ecology: functional responses to environment. Accessed 16/03/2005. http://www. ecology. botany. ufl. edu/. .. /homeostasis. html Webpage: Class Notes (2002). Accessed 17/03/2005. http://www. msu. edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/classnotes_032802. html Webpage: No title. Accessed 17/03/2005. http://www. puc. edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botgloss. htm

Singing Spoon Dry Ice Project

Singing Spoon Dry Ice Project The singing spoon or screaming spoon is the name of a dry ice project in which you cause a spoon to make a singing or screaming sound. Heres how to perform the singing spoon project and an explanation for how it works. You may also watch my video of the singing or screaming spoon. Singing Spoon Materials metal spoondry ice Make the Spoon Sing Dip a spoon in hot water.Remove the spoon from the water and press the warm spoon against the cold dry ice. The spoon will cause the dry ice to sublimate into carbon dioxide vapor. Youll hear the spoon emit a sharp vibrating sound sort of like it is singing or screaming. How the Singing Spoon Works When you press the warm spoon against the dry ice, the sublimation speeds up. The carbon dioxide gas that is released presses against the spoon at the same time you are applying pressure to push the spoon into the dry ice. The oscillations in pressure occur very rapidly, producing sound waves. Although youll usually see this demonstration done using a spoon, it works with any metal object. Metal works best because of its high thermal conductivity, but feel free to experiment with other materials.

Free Essays on Gas Prices

Gasoline is produced by a distillation process where crude oil is heated and fumes are captured and converted into many products such as kerosene, jet fuel, and gasoline to name a few. Therefore the price of crude oil, which is extracted from oil wells beneath the earths surface, is a major factor in gas prices. The five leading oil-producing countries and their approximate shares of the world supply of oil are: Soviet Union 21%, Saudi Arabia 17%, The United States 15%, Venezuela 4%, and Mexico 4%. These five countries made up 61 % of the worlds oil production back in 1980. Even though The United States is a major producer of oil, it does not make them self-sufficient. The United States uses more oil than they can produce and must look towards foreign countries. An organization called O.P.E.C. controls approximately four fifths of the worlds oil reserves in the non-communist world. The United States is forced to deal with O.P.E.C., not only in its own interests, but also in the inter est of its allies and in the interest of maintaining peace. The former Soviet Union may now have an interest in selling some of their oil that they have a tremendous amount of. O.P.E.C. which stands for Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, is made up of 13 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, and Gabon. O.P.E.C. was founded in Baghdad, Iraq in September of 1960. It was organized in response to oil producing countries that did not consult with the Middle Eastern oil states before lowering their crude oil prices. The producers feared that other countries would establish monopolies. The aim of O.P.E.C. was to create a universal price between the countries, in order to ensure peace between oil producers throughout the world. O.P.E.C. also wanted to provide its members with technical and economic support in times of need, since not all the countries were complet... Free Essays on Gas Prices Free Essays on Gas Prices Gasoline is produced by a distillation process where crude oil is heated and fumes are captured and converted into many products such as kerosene, jet fuel, and gasoline to name a few. Therefore the price of crude oil, which is extracted from oil wells beneath the earths surface, is a major factor in gas prices. The five leading oil-producing countries and their approximate shares of the world supply of oil are: Soviet Union 21%, Saudi Arabia 17%, The United States 15%, Venezuela 4%, and Mexico 4%. These five countries made up 61 % of the worlds oil production back in 1980. Even though The United States is a major producer of oil, it does not make them self-sufficient. The United States uses more oil than they can produce and must look towards foreign countries. An organization called O.P.E.C. controls approximately four fifths of the worlds oil reserves in the non-communist world. The United States is forced to deal with O.P.E.C., not only in its own interests, but also in the inter est of its allies and in the interest of maintaining peace. The former Soviet Union may now have an interest in selling some of their oil that they have a tremendous amount of. O.P.E.C. which stands for Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, is made up of 13 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, and Gabon. O.P.E.C. was founded in Baghdad, Iraq in September of 1960. It was organized in response to oil producing countries that did not consult with the Middle Eastern oil states before lowering their crude oil prices. The producers feared that other countries would establish monopolies. The aim of O.P.E.C. was to create a universal price between the countries, in order to ensure peace between oil producers throughout the world. O.P.E.C. also wanted to provide its members with technical and economic support in times of need, since not all the countries were complet...

On current news Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

On current news - Essay Example The image that an audience holds of the individual will influence how they will react to the information, whether they will accept or reject it (Edlund and Pomona, 2012) Drawing a difference between kairos and chronos has been achieved through examining the effect that each has on an audience. Whereas kairos focuses on an opportune moment in time, and is more relevant to an audience, chronos focuses on a longer span of time, thus not being appropriate for general audiences (Edlund and Pomona, 2012) The four basic components of visual design are: type of text used in making an appeal, space or layout used, use of color and the use of images and graphics. With regards to type, large font type has been use to make the text easily readable, considering that the text is lengthy. Space or layout within the course has been useful in showing the importance of the discussion and also in creating a clear relationship among the parts. The use of plain color within the course has helped in creating an academic impression. Finally, the lack of images within the course is reasonable, considering that images are only useful in condensing information, whereas the content within the course is of fair

Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

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